It also forms in and may be captured from solid waste landfills. Biogas, also called biomethane or renewable natural gas, is produced in anaerobic digesters at sewage treatment plants and at dairy and livestock operations. The syngas can be further processed to produce liquid fuels using the Fischer–Tropsch process.Ī chemical conversion process known as transesterification is used for converting vegetable oils, animal fats, and greases into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) to produce biodiesel.īiological conversion of biomass includes fermentation to make ethanol and anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. It can also be treated to separate the hydrogen from the gas, and the hydrogen can be burned or used in fuel cells. Syngas can be used as a fuel for diesel engines, for heating, and for generating electricity in gas turbines. Gasification entails heating organic materials to between 1,400° F and 1,700 F (800° C and 900° C) with injections of controlled amounts of free oxygen or steam into the vessel to produce a carbon monoxide- and hydrogen-rich gas called synthesis gas or syngas.Hydrotreating is used to process bio-oil (produced by fast pyrolysis) with hydrogen under elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst to produce renewable diesel, renewable gasoline, and renewable jet fuel.Biomass pyrolysis produces fuels such as charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel, methane, and hydrogen. Pyrolysis entails heating organic materials to between 800° F and 900° F (400° C and 500° C) in the nearly complete absence of free oxygen.The processes mainly differ in the temperatures and in the amount of oxygen present during conversion. Both processes are thermal decomposition processes wherein biomass feedstock materials are heated in closed, pressurized vessels called gassifiers at high temperatures. Thermochemical conversion of biomass includes pyrolysis and gasification. All biomass can be burned directly for heating buildings and water, for providing industrial process heat, and for generating electricity in steam turbines. Biological conversion to produce liquid and gaseous fuelsĭirect combustion is the most common method for converting biomass to useful energy.Chemical conversion to produce liquid fuels.Thermochemical conversion to produce solid, gaseous, and liquid fuels.Direct combustion (burning) to produce heat.Energy Information Adminstration (public domain) Biomass can be converted to energy in different waysīiomass is converted to energy through various processes, including:
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